{"schemaVersion":1,"locale":"en","scope":"medically-and-linguistically-approved-content-only","guides":[{"id":"rsv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/rsv","review":{"id":"rsv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"b4b311b13fdde6dfaa221b52f45288a77a699c0be037caee3fd96d9e1727108f","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"RSV is a respiratory virus. Illness can resemble a cold, but infants and some older or high-risk adults may become seriously ill. Bronchiolitis describes an illness pattern, not a synonym for RSV.","sources":[{"id":"rsv","title":"About RSV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-30"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Coughs, sneezes, close contact and contaminated surfaces can spread RSV. Mild illness in an adult does not predict a mild course in a baby.","sources":[{"id":"rsv-spread","title":"How RSV spreads","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/causes/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-20"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Symptoms include runny nose, cough and wheeze. A young baby may have no fever; reduced feeding, unusual inactivity or pauses in breathing may be more noticeable.","sources":[{"id":"rsv-child","title":"RSV in infants and young children","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/infants-young-children/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-20"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek emergency help for pauses in breathing, blue discoloration or severe breathing difficulty. Inadequate fluid intake or worsening symptoms also need prompt assessment.","sources":[{"id":"rsv-child","title":"RSV in infants and young children","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/infants-young-children/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-20"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Symptoms overlap with other respiratory infections. A clinician considers testing alongside the level of care needed; a result does not replace assessment of breathing and feeding.","sources":[{"id":"rsv","title":"About RSV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-30"},{"id":"rsv-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of RSV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-08-18"}]},{"id":"care","text":"Severe illness may require oxygen and fluid support in hospital. Care depends on clinical condition; identifying a virus is not a home medication plan.","sources":[{"id":"rsv-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of RSV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-08-18"}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Vaccines and preventive antibodies are available for certain groups; they are different products. Eligibility, pregnancy timing and seasonal use must follow current guidance in the relevant country.","sources":[{"id":"rsv-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of RSV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-08-18"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Consider prematurity, heart or lung disease and immune suppression. US immunization recommendations must not be presented as Turkish eligibility or reimbursement rules.","sources":[{"id":"rsv-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of RSV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-08-18"}]}]},{"id":"norovirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/norovirus","review":{"id":"norovirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"7877e814bca6040f617de3bcb12912d0f80f64e5e114a4e8bfbc740330311dcb","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Norovirus can cause abrupt vomiting and diarrhoea. The nickname “stomach flu” is misleading: this is not influenza. Preventing dehydration is a central care priority.","sources":[{"id":"norovirus","title":"About norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-24"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Transmission involves contaminated food, water, hands and surfaces. Symptoms usually begin 12–48 hours after exposure; recovery does not mean shedding immediately stops.","sources":[{"id":"norovirus","title":"About norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-24"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Vomiting, watery diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain are common. Most recover in 1–3 days; young children and older adults are more vulnerable to dehydration.","sources":[{"id":"noro-clinical","title":"Norovirus — CDC Yellow Book 2026","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/norovirus.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-04-23"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Markedly reduced urination, inability to drink, unusual drowsiness or dizziness on standing may indicate dehydration; do not delay assessment.","sources":[{"id":"norovirus","title":"About norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-24"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Tests may detect viral genetic material or antigen. Interpret the result alongside specimen timing and illness progression rather than reading the pathogen name alone.","sources":[{"id":"noro-test","title":"Laboratory testing for norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-24"}]},{"id":"care","text":"Oral fluid replacement matters; severe dehydration may require hospital treatment. Antibiotics do not treat norovirus.","sources":[{"id":"noro-clinical","title":"Norovirus — CDC Yellow Book 2026","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/norovirus.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-04-23"}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Wash with soap and water: hand sanitizer is not a substitute. CDC advises waiting at least 48 hours after symptoms stop before preparing food or caring for others; local workplace rules also apply.","sources":[{"id":"noro-prevent","title":"How to prevent norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-13"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Use a surface-compatible disinfectant effective against norovirus according to its label. Address vomit or stool contamination promptly; gloves do not replace handwashing.","sources":[{"id":"noro-prevent","title":"How to prevent norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-13"}]}]},{"id":"hmpv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hmpv","review":{"id":"hmpv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"a35408d0befbd9ca6232df960d28f7a2911493dd6a7b05dd973a2fff59d72b6e","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Identified in 2001, hMPV is a respiratory virus. Illness is usually mild but can affect the lungs.","sources":[{"id":"who-hmpv","title":"Human metapneumovirus infection: questions and answers","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/human-metapneumovirus-(hmpv)-infection","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-10"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Respiratory particles, close contact and contaminated surfaces can spread it. A seasonal increase in one region does not establish an outbreak in another country.","sources":[{"id":"who-hmpv","title":"Human metapneumovirus infection: questions and answers","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/human-metapneumovirus-(hmpv)-infection","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-10"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Cough, fever, congestion and breathlessness may occur. Infants, older adults, immunocompromised people and some patients with chronic conditions need closer attention.","sources":[{"id":"hmpv","title":"About human metapneumovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-10"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek assessment for breathing difficulty, chest pain, severe weakness, dehydration or persistent fever. Severe respiratory distress is an emergency.","sources":[{"id":"who-hmpv","title":"Human metapneumovirus infection: questions and answers","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/human-metapneumovirus-(hmpv)-infection","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-10"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Molecular testing can identify the pathogen. Every mild cold does not require an hMPV test; whether the result will change care is important.","sources":[{"id":"hmpv","title":"About human metapneumovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-10"}]},{"id":"care","text":"At the source-check date, there is no approved specific antiviral or vaccine. Care is supportive, with reassessment if the illness worsens.","sources":[{"id":"hmpv","title":"About human metapneumovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-10"}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Ventilation, hand hygiene and limiting close contact while ill can help. A mask can add protection in crowded, poorly ventilated spaces.","sources":[{"id":"who-hmpv","title":"Human metapneumovirus infection: questions and answers","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/human-metapneumovirus-(hmpv)-infection","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-10"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"hMPV, RSV, influenza and COVID-19 may be indistinguishable by symptoms alone. Link test selection to clinical risk and actionable decisions.","sources":[{"id":"hmpv","title":"About human metapneumovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-02-10"},{"id":"who-hmpv","title":"Human metapneumovirus infection: questions and answers","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/human-metapneumovirus-(hmpv)-infection","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-10"}]}]},{"id":"adenovirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/adenovirus","review":{"id":"adenovirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"4ffbc3aa2dc84862be0c9720e294b284fe7c540d2841b2fd5bfd783ac192c126","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Adenovirus is not one disease. Different types can be associated with respiratory, eye or intestinal illness.","sources":[{"id":"adenovirus","title":"About adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Close contact, respiratory particles, surfaces and stool can transmit infection. Inadequately disinfected pools have been linked to some outbreaks.","sources":[{"id":"adenovirus","title":"About adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fever, sore throat, cough, red eyes or diarrhoea may occur. None establishes adenovirus as the cause on its own.","sources":[{"id":"adenovirus","title":"About adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Severe breathing difficulty or marked deterioration needs urgent assessment. Seek assessment earlier with immune suppression or underlying heart or lung disease.","sources":[{"id":"adeno-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"A positive test does not prove adenovirus explains every symptom. It may be detectable without symptoms or for a prolonged period after recovery.","sources":[{"id":"adeno-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"care","text":"Most mild infections receive supportive care. The absence of a generally approved specific treatment does not remove the need for specialist assessment in severe illness.","sources":[{"id":"adenovirus","title":"About adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Hand hygiene and suitable surface disinfection matter. Clusters of eye infection require attention to shared equipment and contact chains.","sources":[{"id":"adeno-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Choose infection-control precautions for the clinical syndrome. The vaccine used for US military personnel is not a routine vaccine available to the general public.","sources":[{"id":"adeno-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of adenovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/adenovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-16"}]}]},{"id":"rinovirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/rinovirus","review":{"id":"rinovirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"1c17d1055ceaeb0391aef660091baa91341560e6d3d79e7fefa8e22b8dae4dd4","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Rhinoviruses commonly cause colds. A cold is a clinical illness; not every cold is caused by rhinovirus.","sources":[{"id":"rhinovirus","title":"About rhinoviruses","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rhinoviruses/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Respiratory secretions and close contact can spread infection. Hand hygiene, ventilation and reducing contact while ill are useful precautions.","sources":[{"id":"rhinovirus","title":"About rhinoviruses","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rhinoviruses/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Symptoms include runny or blocked nose, sneezing, sore throat and cough. Most colds start improving within 1–2 weeks.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-cold","title":"Common cold","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Breathlessness, chest pain, worsening illness or underlying disease warrants medical assessment. Failure to improve should not be dismissed as “just a cold”.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-cold","title":"Common cold","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Testing is not always needed for a mild cold. In an asthma exacerbation or severe illness, assessment extends beyond naming the virus.","sources":[{"id":"rhinovirus","title":"About rhinoviruses","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rhinoviruses/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Rest and adequate fluids may help. Combination cold medicines can duplicate ingredients; suitability needs separate checking for children and pregnancy.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-cold","title":"Common cold","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Clean hands, cover coughs and limit close contact with vulnerable people while ill. One infection does not protect against all future colds.","sources":[{"id":"rhinovirus","title":"About rhinoviruses","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rhinoviruses/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Antibiotics do not treat a viral upper respiratory infection. Comorbidity, respiratory status and the clinical course guide assessment.","sources":[{"id":"rhinovirus","title":"About rhinoviruses","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rhinoviruses/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"sars-cov-2","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/sars-cov-2","review":{"id":"sars-cov-2","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"b4fc17b1c87941c0d4412810b815a72b8d087f8c34ddeaabab03d0b42b712867","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen; COVID-19 is the disease. Symptoms overlap with influenza and other respiratory infections and cannot reliably distinguish them.","sources":[{"id":"covid","title":"Symptoms of COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Reduce contact with others when ill. Consider symptoms and exposure alongside testing; a single negative result is not a guarantee that transmission is impossible.","sources":[{"id":"covid","title":"Symptoms of COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"},{"id":"covid-test","title":"Testing for COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue and breathlessness may occur. The symptom pattern can vary with variants and immune status.","sources":[{"id":"covid","title":"Symptoms of COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Breathing difficulty, persistent chest pain or pressure, new confusion or inability to wake needs emergency help.","sources":[{"id":"covid","title":"Symptoms of COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"One negative antigen test does not exclude infection. Follow product and local guidance on repeat testing; PCR/NAAT and antigen tests have different characteristics.","sources":[{"id":"covid-test","title":"Testing for COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"}]},{"id":"care","text":"People at risk of severe illness should seek care early: some treatments must start within the first days of symptoms. A clinician checks eligibility and drug interactions.","sources":[{"id":"covid-treatment","title":"Types of COVID-19 treatment","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Check current vaccination and treatment guidance for the country and risk group. This guide does not certify local product access or personal eligibility.","sources":[{"id":"covid-treatment","title":"Types of COVID-19 treatment","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Record recent infection when interpreting tests. NAAT positivity can persist; consider new symptoms and the patient’s risk together.","sources":[{"id":"covid-test","title":"Testing for COVID-19","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/covid/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-03-10"}]}]},{"id":"rotavirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/rotavirus","review":{"id":"rotavirus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"6153769e0437026f988826d9a22828334b89e9be1bb255c8fe25b5ac82145c1f","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Rotavirus causes vomiting and watery diarrhoea, particularly in infants and young children. Dehydration is central to illness severity.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus","title":"About rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-22"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Virus shed in stool can reach the mouth through hands, surfaces or food. Transmission can occur before symptoms and after recovery.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus","title":"About rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-22"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Vomiting, watery diarrhoea, fever and abdominal pain may occur. Reduced urination, fewer tears and unusual drowsiness can indicate dehydration.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus","title":"About rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-22"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Do not delay assessment if a baby cannot drink, is unusually inactive or may be severely dehydrated. Severe cases may require intravenous fluids.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Stool testing can detect antigen or genetic material. A positive result does not measure dehydration; clinical assessment remains separate.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Care centres on fluid and electrolyte replacement rather than a specific antiviral. Antibiotics do not treat rotavirus.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Vaccination reduces severe disease; hygiene matters but is not sufficient alone. Vaccinated children can still be infected. Check local schedules for products and age limits.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus","title":"About rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-22"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Document intake, urine output and general condition in the monitoring plan. Record vaccination history and explain when the caregiver should seek reassessment.","sources":[{"id":"rotavirus-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of rotavirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"helikobakter-pilori","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/helikobakter-pilori","review":{"id":"helikobakter-pilori","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"7b8438cabf20485f7602b3dc45745b2875bf86922720912e991cc3bb67b59344","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"H. pylori is a bacterium often called the “stomach bug”. Detecting it and explaining stomach symptoms are distinct questions; testing and treatment planning belong together.","sources":[{"id":"hp-diagnosis","title":"Diagnosis of peptic ulcers","url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/diagnosis","publisher":"NIDDK / NIH","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"This guide cannot identify who transmitted infection within a household. Discuss whether relatives need testing in the context of symptoms and clinical risk.","sources":[{"id":"hp-guideline","title":"ACG guideline on treatment of Helicobacter pylori (2024)","url":"https://gi.org/journals-publications/ebgi/schoenfeld_sep2024/","publisher":"American College of Gastroenterology","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Upper abdominal pain or indigestion can have other causes. Tell the clinician about symptom duration, medicines and previous H. pylori treatment.","sources":[{"id":"hp-diagnosis","title":"Diagnosis of peptic ulcers","url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/diagnosis","publisher":"NIDDK / NIH","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Vomiting blood or black, tarry stools requires urgent assessment; do not wait because you assume it is only a symptom of H. pylori.","sources":[{"id":"hp-ulcer","title":"Symptoms and causes of peptic ulcers","url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes","publisher":"NIDDK / NIH","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Urea breath testing, stool antigen or endoscopic sampling may be used. Acid suppressants and antibiotics affect test planning; do not stop medicines on your own.","sources":[{"id":"hp-diagnosis","title":"Diagnosis of peptic ulcers","url":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/diagnosis","publisher":"NIDDK / NIH","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Treatment may involve several medicines. Previous antibiotic use and resistance matter; selecting one antibiotic online is not an appropriate treatment plan.","sources":[{"id":"hp-guideline","title":"ACG guideline on treatment of Helicobacter pylori (2024)","url":"https://gi.org/journals-publications/ebgi/schoenfeld_sep2024/","publisher":"American College of Gastroenterology","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Arrange confirmation of eradication after treatment. Symptom improvement does not prove the infection has cleared.","sources":[{"id":"hp-guideline","title":"ACG guideline on treatment of Helicobacter pylori (2024)","url":"https://gi.org/journals-publications/ebgi/schoenfeld_sep2024/","publisher":"American College of Gastroenterology","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"ACG 2024 emphasizes confirmation of eradication: at least four weeks after antibiotics and two weeks off PPI/PCAB, planned by the clinician. This US guideline does not replace local resistance data.","sources":[{"id":"hp-guideline","title":"ACG guideline on treatment of Helicobacter pylori (2024)","url":"https://gi.org/journals-publications/ebgi/schoenfeld_sep2024/","publisher":"American College of Gastroenterology","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"escherichia-coli","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/escherichia-coli","review":{"id":"escherichia-coli","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"9c5e20a9e80b9fc7bf2bf5f15bda74f6641b4f0511b0800e3f103293f404a803","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Most E. coli are harmless intestinal organisms. Some cause diarrhoea, urinary infection or severe illness. There is no single treatment without knowing the specimen and clinical context.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli","title":"About Escherichia coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Diarrhoeal strains can spread through contaminated food, water or animal or human contact. E. coli in stool and E. coli in a urine culture raise different clinical questions.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli","title":"About Escherichia coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"The diarrhoea section focuses on intestinal infection. Bloody diarrhoea or severe abdominal symptoms make identification of the strain particularly important.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli-treatment","title":"Treatment of E. coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek assessment for bloody diarrhoea, dehydration or reduced urination. STEC infection can be associated with haemolytic uraemic syndrome affecting the kidneys.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli-symptoms","title":"Symptoms of E. coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Read the specimen type, Shiga toxin/STEC findings and clinical interpretation together. The organism’s name alone does not indicate severity.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli-clinical","title":"Information for clinicians: E. coli","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/hcp/guidance/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"care","text":"In STEC infection, antibiotics and anti-diarrhoeal medicines may increase harm; do not start them yourself. This does not mean all E. coli infections have the same management.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli-treatment","title":"Treatment of E. coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Food safety, safe water and hand hygiene after animal contact help reduce spread. Explain the relevant specimen and exposure when seeking care.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli","title":"About Escherichia coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Separate possible STEC diarrhoea from urinary infection management. Shiga toxin testing, culture and susceptibility requirements depend on the syndrome.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli-clinical","title":"Information for clinicians: E. coli","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/hcp/guidance/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]}]},{"id":"salmonella","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/salmonella","review":{"id":"salmonella","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"3ca2d76450bd202e6b2ef14586dc5b605fbad8324b8ee7bd3871e524d35437bc","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Salmonella is a group of bacteria. This guide mainly addresses non-typhoidal diarrhoeal illness; typhoid and paratyphoid require separate assessment.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella","title":"About Salmonella infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-10-04"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Sources include contaminated food or water and animal or stool contact. Travel and shared-meal histories help assessment.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella","title":"About Salmonella infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-10-04"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Diarrhoea, fever and cramps may occur. Infants, older adults and immunocompromised people need closer assessment for severe infection.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella","title":"About Salmonella infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-10-04"},{"id":"salmonella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of salmonellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek care for severe dehydration, bloody diarrhoea or marked deterioration. Infection can spread beyond the intestine in some patients.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of salmonellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Culture is important for diagnosis. After a positive molecular test, culture may support susceptibility assessment and public-health investigation.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of salmonellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Many patients recover with fluid support; not every positive Salmonella result requires antibiotics. Treatment decisions are individualized for severe or high-risk illness.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of salmonellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Separate raw and cooked foods and refrigerate perishable food appropriately. Wash hands after contact with animals and their environments.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella","title":"About Salmonella infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-10-04"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Record travel, invasive-disease risk and resistance considerations. Evaluate suspected typhoid separately from non-typhoidal gastroenteritis.","sources":[{"id":"salmonella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of salmonellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"campylobacter","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/campylobacter","review":{"id":"campylobacter","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"81b3be9cf978975a7395a0a48388ad29baa12bfcaa20c4f582943eb592148066","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Campylobacter is a group of bacteria that can cause diarrhoea. Undercooked poultry is an important source, but not the only one.","sources":[{"id":"campy","title":"About Campylobacter infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-08-12"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Raw meat can contaminate other foods through boards and knives. Unpasteurized milk, untreated water and animal contact are also relevant exposures.","sources":[{"id":"campy","title":"About Campylobacter infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-08-12"}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Diarrhoea, fever and cramps may occur; diarrhoea can be bloody. Joint or neurological complications can develop after infection in some people.","sources":[{"id":"campy-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of Campylobacter","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Assessment is needed for bloody diarrhoea, dehydration or marked deterioration. New muscle weakness or difficulty walking needs urgent medical attention.","sources":[{"id":"campy-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of Campylobacter","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Stool testing can identify the pathogen. Culture can provide susceptibility information when needed; molecular positivity does not always provide it.","sources":[{"id":"campy-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of Campylobacter","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Most patients recover without antibiotics. Fluids matter; a clinician assesses antibiotic need in severe illness or special-risk situations.","sources":[{"id":"campy-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of Campylobacter","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Prevent cross-contamination from raw poultry to ready-to-eat food. Use safe water and pasteurized milk; wash hands after animal contact.","sources":[{"id":"campy","title":"About Campylobacter infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2026-08-12"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Ask about travel and animal exposure. If antibiotics are needed, consider local resistance and laboratory data rather than applying one international regimen to everyone.","sources":[{"id":"campy-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of Campylobacter","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"bordetella-pertussis","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/bordetella-pertussis","review":{"id":"bordetella-pertussis","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"d5ddfe310ce96bc2499da831142e3127f75b5bb1d29586ca9c5ccba0e65c9b65","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. Early illness may resemble a cold, and infants are particularly vulnerable.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis","title":"Symptoms of whooping cough","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-02"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Tell the clinician how long coughing has lasted and about infant or pregnant contacts. Managing contacts is a separate decision from treating the patient.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis-treatment","title":"Treatment of pertussis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Coughing fits and vomiting after coughing may occur. Babies can have pauses in breathing without coughing; absence of a typical whoop does not exclude infection.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis","title":"Symptoms of whooping cough","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-02"}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Pauses in breathing, blue discoloration or breathing difficulty in a baby are emergencies. Violent coughing fits also warrant assessment.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis","title":"Symptoms of whooping cough","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-02"}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Culture, PCR and sometimes serology are useful at different stages. Report cough onset and previous antibiotics; a late negative result can be misleading.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis-test","title":"Laboratory testing for pertussis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Early treatment is more useful. Cough can persist despite treatment later in illness; decisions consider age, timing and high-risk contacts.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis-treatment","title":"Treatment of pertussis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Review vaccination history. Vaccinated people can still become ill; do not start post-exposure preventive treatment yourself.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis","title":"Symptoms of whooping cough","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-12-02"},{"id":"pertussis-treatment","title":"Treatment of pertussis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Specimen and timing affect diagnostic yield. Consider the consequences of delay with infant or third-trimester pregnant contacts, and follow local reporting procedures.","sources":[{"id":"pertussis-test","title":"Laboratory testing for pertussis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"pertussis-treatment","title":"Treatment of pertussis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hpv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hpv","review":{"id":"hpv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"5d5317eb2fd02bdeefd98d4b843f76f4826ac609ad8313f80be66f1b9864a243","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"HPV comprises many virus types. Some cause warts; persistent infection with other types can lead to precancerous changes. A positive HPV test is not a cancer diagnosis.","sources":[{"id":"hpv-about","title":"About HPV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Transmission can occur through intimate skin and sexual contact without visible warts. A test does not establish exactly when infection occurred or who transmitted it.","sources":[{"id":"hpv-guidance","title":"STI treatment guidelines: HPV infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Infection is often symptomless. Genital warts and cervical cell changes are different findings; absence of symptoms does not remove the need for appropriate screening.","sources":[{"id":"hpv-about","title":"About HPV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause needs assessment rather than waiting for routine screening. These symptoms do not, by themselves, establish cancer.","sources":[{"id":"who-cervix","title":"Cervical cancer","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Cervical HPV testing, cytology and biopsy answer different questions. HPV testing is not recommended to diagnose genital warts; atypical lesions may require biopsy.","sources":[{"id":"hpv-warts","title":"STI treatment guidelines: anogenital warts","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/anogenital-warts.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Treatment can target warts or precancerous lesions. Wart clearance does not prove viral clearance. Do not apply ordinary wart-removal products to genital skin without clinical advice.","sources":[{"id":"hpv-warts","title":"STI treatment guidelines: anogenital warts","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/anogenital-warts.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"nhs-genital-warts","title":"Genital warts","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-warts/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Vaccination prevents infection; it does not treat existing HPV. Vaccinated people may still need cervical screening. Eligibility and schedules depend on national guidance.","sources":[{"id":"who-cervix","title":"Cervical cancer","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"HIV and other immunocompromising conditions can change screening and follow-up. General-population intervals should not automatically be applied to these groups.","sources":[{"id":"who-cervix","title":"Cervical cancer","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"local","text":"Türkiye’s national programme describes HPV-DNA screening every five years for women aged 30–65, through services including family health centres and KETEM. Symptoms or positive results require their own follow-up rather than the routine interval.","sources":[{"id":"tr-cervix","title":"Serviks kanseri farkındalık ayı — ulusal tarama programı","url":"https://cankirism.saglik.gov.tr/TR-371088/serviks-rahim-agzi-kanseri-farkindalik-ayi.html","publisher":"T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı / Çankırı İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü","jurisdiction":"Türkiye","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Distinguish routine screening, follow-up of abnormal results and investigation of symptoms. Review prior results and treatment rather than planning a procedure from “positive” alone.","sources":[{"id":"hpv-guidance","title":"STI treatment guidelines: HPV infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hsv-1","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hsv-1","review":{"id":"hsv-1","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"36647c409deedc259845b52fac2e178de7efe5c496002c54dce23bc2f2912a0a","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"HSV-1 commonly causes cold sores but can also cause genital infection. A “type 1” result does not prove that infection is confined to the mouth.","sources":[{"id":"who-herpes","title":"Herpes simplex virus","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Contact with oral skin, saliva and sores can transmit infection. Avoid kissing and oral sex during a cold sore outbreak; risk persists until it heals.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-cold-sores","title":"Cold sores","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cold-sores/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Tingling or burning may precede painful small blisters. Not every mouth ulcer is herpes; unusual, very painful or non-healing lesions warrant assessment.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-cold-sores","title":"Cold sores","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cold-sores/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Obtain urgent assessment for eye pain, worsening redness, light sensitivity or altered vision. Do not manage an eye problem as an ordinary cold sore.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-hsv-eye","title":"Herpes simplex eye infections","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/herpes-simplex-eye-infections/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"A lesion sample can identify the virus type when appropriate. HSV-1 blood antibodies do not locate or date infection; interpret them in the clinical context.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-guidance","title":"STI treatment guidelines: herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/herpes.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antiviral treatment may shorten or lessen outbreaks but does not remove the virus from the body. Discuss an individual plan for frequent or severe episodes.","sources":[{"id":"who-herpes","title":"Herpes simplex virus","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Wash hands after touching a cold sore. Do not kiss a baby when you have an active cold sore: neonatal herpes can be serious.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-cold-sores","title":"Cold sores","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cold-sores/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Disease can be more severe with immune suppression. Inform the maternity team about genital lesions or suspected new infection during pregnancy.","sources":[{"id":"who-herpes","title":"Herpes simplex virus","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"An indiscriminate blood test in someone without symptoms may not provide a clear answer. Discuss false positives and early false negatives before testing.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-testing","title":"Screening for genital herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/herpes/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Genital HSV-1 differs from HSV-2 in recurrence and shedding. Record type, lesion site and episode history together; HSV IgM is not a recommended diagnostic test.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-guidance","title":"STI treatment guidelines: herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/herpes.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hsv-2","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hsv-2","review":{"id":"hsv-2","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"4b17c016e3da2d2058d31a93a642e40aac6eb624afecbb7ece988e7b983f89a5","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes. Symptoms can be mild or unnoticed. A diagnosis is not a judgment about a person’s behaviour or relationship.","sources":[{"id":"who-herpes","title":"Herpes simplex virus","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Sexual contact with genital skin or mucosa can transmit HSV even without visible sores. Condoms reduce risk but do not cover all potentially infectious skin.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-genital-herpes","title":"Genital herpes","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-herpes/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Painful blisters, ulcers, burning and pain when urinating can occur. The first recognized episode does not necessarily mean infection was recently acquired.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-genital-herpes","title":"Genital herpes","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-herpes/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Promptly report new genital lesions or a first episode during pregnancy. Newly acquired infection near delivery needs particular attention to the baby’s risk.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-pregnancy-infections","title":"Infections in pregnancy that may affect your baby","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/infections-that-may-affect-your-baby/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"A lesion swab can be useful while sores are present. Blood testing without lesions has different limitations, including false positives; routine screening is not recommended for everyone without symptoms.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-testing","title":"Screening for genital herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/herpes/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antivirals can treat episodes or provide suppressive treatment for selected people. They reduce symptoms and transmission risk but do not permanently eliminate infection.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-genital-herpes","title":"Genital herpes","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-herpes/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Avoid sexual contact during warning symptoms such as tingling and while sores are present. Discuss a prevention plan that considers condoms and appropriate treatment with partners.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-genital-herpes","title":"Genital herpes","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/genital-herpes/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Pregnancy and immune suppression change management. HIV assessment may also be recommended; diagnosis and treatment of the two infections are distinct.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-guidance","title":"STI treatment guidelines: herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/herpes.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"A positive screening result may need confirmation, especially when the prior likelihood is low. Do not treat a result as a timestamp or proof of who transmitted infection.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-testing","title":"Screening for genital herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/herpes/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Explain the limitations and confirmation needs of low-index positive serology. Combine lesion assessment, typing and counselling within the care plan.","sources":[{"id":"hsv-guidance","title":"STI treatment guidelines: herpes","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/herpes.htm","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"varisella-zoster","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/varisella-zoster","review":{"id":"varisella-zoster","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"8b8c59b18c94a6b1d69f8b0865b43dee353e72dc3694fae7db9e71bd33d38b04","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Varicella-zoster can cause chickenpox at first infection and shingles when it later reactivates. These are different illnesses caused by the same virus.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-about","title":"About chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Chickenpox can spread before the rash appears. Exposure to shingles can cause chickenpox in a susceptible person, not shingles itself; covering lesions and hand hygiene matter.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-about","title":"About chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Chickenpox often produces itchy lesions at different stages; shingles commonly causes a painful one-sided rash. Shingles pain can persist after the skin heals.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-about","title":"About chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"zoster-about","title":"About shingles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek prompt assessment for rash near the eye or visual changes. Report chickenpox exposure during pregnancy or immune suppression before waiting for symptoms.","sources":[{"id":"zoster-about","title":"About shingles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"varicella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Appearance can help diagnosis, but atypical or post-vaccination rashes may need confirmation. PCR on an appropriate lesion specimen can identify VZV.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Seek advice early for suspected shingles, because antivirals work best when started promptly. Pain management and assessment for eye involvement are individualized.","sources":[{"id":"zoster-about","title":"About shingles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Chickenpox and shingles vaccines serve different purposes. Eligibility depends on age, immune status and national guidance; US schedules do not substitute for Turkish schedules.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-vaccine","title":"Varicella vaccine recommendations","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"zoster-about","title":"About shingles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Pregnancy, newborn age and immune suppression change risk. A clinician must assess suitability for live varicella vaccination and prevention after exposure.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Do not deliberately expose a child to chickenpox to “get it over with”. Being previously healthy does not guarantee a mild illness.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-about","title":"About chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Distinguish primary varicella from localized or disseminated zoster. Immune status, lesion distribution and exposure history affect isolation and management decisions.","sources":[{"id":"varicella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of chickenpox","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"kizamik","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/kizamik","review":{"id":"kizamik","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"8982cdc90f2a0b41d207ae067002c43f9a227c8d551bc7d91a14293e22a89907","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Measles is more than a mild childhood rash. It is highly contagious and can cause serious complications, including pneumonia and inflammation of the brain.","sources":[{"id":"measles-about","title":"About measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Airborne spread means sharing indoor air can pose a risk. Infectiousness starts before the rash. Contact the healthcare service before attending if measles is suspected.","sources":[{"id":"measles-about","title":"About measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"nhs-measles","title":"Measles","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/measles/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fever, cough, runny nose and red eyes can precede the rash. Appearance alone does not establish the diagnosis; exposure and vaccination history matter.","sources":[{"id":"measles-about","title":"About measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Breathing difficulty, marked dehydration, seizures or altered consciousness require urgent assessment. Tell the service that measles is suspected so others can be protected.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-measles","title":"Measles","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/measles/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Laboratory confirmation and public-health assessment go together. Timing of blood and respiratory specimens matters; let the clinical team organize appropriate collection.","sources":[{"id":"measles-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Care addresses dehydration and complications. Vitamin A use is a clinical decision; do not self-administer high-dose products. Vitamin A does not replace vaccination.","sources":[{"id":"measles-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Measles-containing vaccines provide core protection. Post-exposure vaccination or immunoglobulin depends on timing and individual risk; do not wait for a rash to seek advice.","sources":[{"id":"measles-vaccine","title":"Measles vaccine recommendations","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Young children, pregnant people and immunocompromised people have different risks and post-exposure options. Live-vaccine decisions require consideration of pregnancy and immune status.","sources":[{"id":"measles-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Acquiring measles is not a safe alternative to vaccination. Malnutrition and immune problems can increase severity; home care is not appropriate for everyone.","sources":[{"id":"who-measles","title":"Measles","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Do not delay notification and isolation when measles is suspected. Plan transmission precautions, specimen collection and complication assessment together using current national public-health guidance.","sources":[{"id":"measles-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of measles","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hepatit-a","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hepatit-a","review":{"id":"hepatit-a","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"9694e8fb265849566d3300e696d3980dc8d21a8b993832044b75b1666ab397ed","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Hepatitis A affects the liver. Unlike hepatitis B and C, it does not establish chronic infection, but it can occasionally cause severe liver failure.","sources":[{"id":"who-hav","title":"Hepatitis A","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"It spreads through contaminated food or water and close contact. Transmission can precede symptoms; avoiding only visibly ill people is not enough.","sources":[{"id":"hav-about","title":"Hepatitis A basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, dark urine and jaundice may occur. Young children may have few symptoms; absence of jaundice does not exclude infection.","sources":[{"id":"hav-about","title":"Hepatitis A basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"New yellowing of the skin or eyes needs prompt assessment. Appearance alone does not identify the cause; conditions other than hepatitis may also need investigation.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-jaundice","title":"Jaundice","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Anti-HAV IgM helps investigate recent infection; IgG or total anti-HAV helps assess immunity. “Anti-HAV positive” alone does not diagnose acute illness.","sources":[{"id":"hav-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis A","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Care generally supports hydration, nutrition and symptom monitoring. Tell the clinician about medicines and supplements that may affect the liver; severe illness can require hospital care.","sources":[{"id":"who-hav","title":"Hepatitis A","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Vaccination and hand hygiene matter. Wash with soap after using the toilet or changing nappies and before preparing food; use safe food and water.","sources":[{"id":"hav-about","title":"Hepatitis A basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Older people and those with chronic liver disease may be at higher risk of severe illness. Discuss preventive options promptly after close exposure.","sources":[{"id":"who-hav","title":"Hepatitis A","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Antibodies after vaccination or previous infection do not establish that someone is currently infectious. Interpret the test name, symptoms and timing together.","sources":[{"id":"hav-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis A","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"IgM screening without symptoms can mislead. Assess suspected acute hepatitis with clinical findings and laboratory results, coordinating contact management with local public-health services.","sources":[{"id":"hav-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis A","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hepatit-b","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hepatit-b","review":{"id":"hepatit-b","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"220ed5e0b3d307156bc18fe2b6eaf8764f402f471229c40f5e9e4dc69e75e4bc","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Hepatitis B may be acute or chronic. Chronic infection can remain silent for years while still needing liver monitoring; feeling well does not remove that need.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-about","title":"Hepatitis B basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Transmission can involve blood, certain body fluids, sex or childbirth. Hugging, sharing a meal and ordinary social contact are not usual routes of transmission.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-about","title":"Hepatitis B basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Acute illness can cause fatigue, nausea, abdominal discomfort or jaundice; some people have no symptoms. Symptom count does not measure the severity of chronic infection.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-about","title":"Hepatitis B basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"New jaundice needs assessment. With cirrhosis, vomiting blood, black stools or sudden confusion is an emergency; do not wait for a routine appointment.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-jaundice","title":"Jaundice","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"nhs-cirrhosis","title":"Cirrhosis: symptoms and urgent help","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"HBsAg, anti-HBs and total anti-HBc mean different things. Distinguishing vaccine response, past infection and current infection requires interpreting the results together.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-testing","title":"Clinical testing and diagnosis for hepatitis B","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Some people with chronic infection need antivirals, guided by viral load and liver assessment. Do not stop prescribed treatment yourself because a result has improved.","sources":[{"id":"who-hbv","title":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Vaccination is central to prevention. Do not share needles or personal items that may carry blood. Seek same-day exposure assessment after a needlestick or blood exposure.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-about","title":"Hepatitis B basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"hbv-exposure","title":"Responding to HBV exposures","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/infection-control/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Screening during pregnancy informs prevention for parent and infant. Newborn protection at birth is time-sensitive; agree the plan with the team before delivery.","sources":[{"id":"who-hbv","title":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Anti-HBs and HBsAg are not the same test. “Positive antibody” does not automatically mean active hepatitis; one result cannot describe the whole picture.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-testing","title":"Clinical testing and diagnosis for hepatitis B","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Past HBV infection can matter when planning immunosuppressive treatment because of reactivation risk. Assess serology and the appropriate prevention or monitoring plan beforehand.","sources":[{"id":"hbv-testing","title":"Clinical testing and diagnosis for hepatitis B","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hepatit-c","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hepatit-c","review":{"id":"hepatit-c","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"1acd2ea99236f652107f2d1b0b9d95c3206039541c2b775e9b1a3cb5e22a2730","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Hepatitis C can remain symptomless for years. Current antiviral treatment can cure most people; linking diagnosis to appropriate care matters.","sources":[{"id":"who-hcv","title":"Hepatitis C","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Transmission mainly involves infected blood, including shared needles or contaminated equipment. Hugging, sharing meals and being in the same room are not usual routes.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-about","title":"Hepatitis C basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fatigue, nausea, dark urine or jaundice may develop, but symptoms may be absent. Normal liver enzymes alone are not sufficient to exclude infection.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-about","title":"Hepatitis C basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"hcv-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis C","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek assessment for new jaundice. In someone with cirrhosis, vomiting blood, black stools or sudden confusion is an emergency, even during antiviral treatment.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-jaundice","title":"Jaundice","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"nhs-cirrhosis","title":"Cirrhosis: symptoms and urgent help","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"A positive anti-HCV result can reflect past or current infection. HCV RNA is needed to assess current infection; negative RNA usually means no current infection.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis C","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Direct-acting antivirals are central to treatment. Drug interactions, stage of liver disease and other infections inform an individualized plan.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-care","title":"Simplified HCV treatment: pretreatment assessment","url":"https://www.hcvguidelines.org/guidance/simplified-hcv-treatment-for-treatment-naive-adults-without-cirrhosis/","publisher":"AASLD / IDSA","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"There is no hepatitis C vaccine. Sterile equipment and avoiding blood exposure matter. Cure does not prevent reinfection, so prevention remains important.","sources":[{"id":"who-hcv","title":"Hepatitis C","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Testing and treatment differ in pregnancy and childhood. A baby born to a mother with HCV needs an age-appropriate follow-up plan with a paediatric clinician.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-about","title":"Hepatitis C basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Antibodies may remain positive after successful treatment. Do not measure cure by antibody disappearance; select the appropriate test after a new exposure.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis C","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Complete reactive antibody testing with RNA assessment and linkage to care. An early negative antibody result after recent exposure can mislead; plan retesting in context.","sources":[{"id":"hcv-testing","title":"Clinical screening and diagnosis for hepatitis C","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"ebv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/ebv","review":{"id":"ebv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"833622d588f2c4730b45aefb19122c5cdd5213c3441a9fd6eec52788ad1bfec7","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Epstein–Barr virus is common, and infection often goes unnoticed. It can cause infectious mononucleosis, particularly in adolescents and young adults.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-about","title":"About Epstein–Barr virus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Saliva is the main route of spread, including kissing or sharing cups and toothbrushes. The virus can remain dormant and reactivate.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-about","title":"About Epstein–Barr virus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fever, sore throat, swollen neck glands and substantial fatigue may occur. Fatigue can outlast other symptoms, but EBV does not explain every prolonged illness.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-mono","title":"About infectious mononucleosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Severe abdominal pain, breathing difficulty or inability to swallow saliva requires emergency help. Tell the team about mononucleosis and possible spleen enlargement.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-mono","title":"Glandular fever","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"VCA IgM, VCA IgG and EBNA have different meanings. Interpret the pattern alongside symptom timing; a high IgG level alone does not establish recent infection.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-testing","title":"Laboratory testing for EBV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Rest, fluids and appropriate symptom relief are central to care. Antibiotics do not treat the virus. Persistent or worsening symptoms need reassessment.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-mono","title":"Glandular fever","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"There is no vaccine. Avoiding shared items exposed to saliva can help reduce transmission; a single blood test cannot certify that someone is no longer infectious.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-about","title":"About Epstein–Barr virus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Plan return to contact sports and strenuous activity with a clinician because the spleen may be enlarged. Feeling better alone is not clearance to return.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-mono","title":"About infectious mononucleosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"nhs-mono","title":"Glandular fever","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Antibodies reflecting past infection can persist for years. Do not label them “active EBV” or use them alone to explain unrelated symptoms.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-testing","title":"Laboratory testing for EBV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Monospot is not confirmatory in every setting and is not recommended for general use. Consider age, clinical context, EBV-specific antibody patterns and alternative causes.","sources":[{"id":"ebv-testing","title":"Laboratory testing for EBV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"cmv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/cmv","review":{"id":"cmv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"39855b91354784dba645ec8819f3bebab28abc3b1fcf70a55d5fcd1aa36ed7eb","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"CMV often causes no symptoms in healthy people. Transmission during pregnancy and organ disease in immunocompromised people require distinct assessment.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-about","title":"About cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Transmission can involve saliva, urine, blood and other body fluids. Daily contact with young children’s secretions is relevant to prevention discussions, especially during pregnancy.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-about","title":"About cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Healthy adults may have fever and fatigue or no symptoms. With congenital infection, being symptom-free at birth does not rule out later hearing problems.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-about","title":"About cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"cmv-newborn","title":"CMV in newborns","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/congenital-infection/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Contact a paediatric clinician promptly if congenital CMV is suspected: specimen timing matters for establishing prenatal infection, and antibody results alone are insufficient.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of CMV and congenital CMV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Diagnosis of congenital CMV requires appropriately timed PCR testing within the first three weeks. Positive saliva testing is confirmed with urine; the clinical team arranges collection.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-testing","title":"Laboratory testing for CMV and congenital CMV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Healthy people usually need no specific treatment. Antivirals for selected congenital infections or immunocompromised patients require specialist decisions and may need adverse-effect monitoring.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of CMV and congenital CMV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Wash hands after changing nappies or contact with secretions. Avoid sharing food, utensils and cups with young children to reduce contact with saliva.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-about","title":"About cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Hearing and developmental follow-up matter for babies with congenital CMV even after a normal newborn hearing screen. Arrange a plan with the paediatric team.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-newborn","title":"CMV in newborns","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/congenital-infection/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Positive adult CMV IgG does not date infection. IgM alone does not establish a new primary infection; do not make pregnancy decisions from an isolated result.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-testing","title":"Laboratory testing for CMV and congenital CMV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Separate maternal serology from neonatal diagnosis. Record sampling dates and avidity-test limitations; IgG/IgM cannot confirm congenital infection.","sources":[{"id":"cmv-testing","title":"Laboratory testing for CMV and congenital CMV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cytomegalovirus/php/laboratories/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"hiv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/virusler/hiv","review":{"id":"hiv","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"c4079f0c3f3becc1fe7f0d8e96725b309d0a4341d1280afa71eb03c1e2f940d5","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"HIV affects the immune system. Living with HIV is not the same as having AIDS. Effective treatment enables long, healthy lives; diagnosis is no basis for stigma.","sources":[{"id":"who-hiv","title":"HIV and AIDS","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Transmission can occur through blood, sex, pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. Hugging, shared meals, toilets and ordinary social contact do not transmit HIV.","sources":[{"id":"who-hiv","title":"HIV and AIDS","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Early infection can cause flu-like symptoms, but symptoms may be absent for a long time. Symptoms cannot diagnose or exclude HIV; appropriate testing is necessary.","sources":[{"id":"who-hiv","title":"HIV and AIDS","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek assessment immediately after a possible exposure. If post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is indicated, it must start within 72 hours; do not wait for the deadline.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-pep","title":"Preventing HIV with PEP","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/pep.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Tests have different window periods. An early negative result after exposure may not exclude infection; retesting depends on the test used. Positive screening requires follow-up confirmation.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-testing","title":"Getting tested for HIV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antiretroviral treatment suppresses HIV and requires consistent use and follow-up. Do not stop treatment independently; discuss difficulties or adverse effects with the care team.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-treatment","title":"Treating HIV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Condoms, sterile injection equipment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) when appropriate are prevention options. PEP is not a substitute for an ongoing prevention plan.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-pep","title":"Preventing HIV with PEP","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/pep.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Coordinate HIV care during pregnancy and infant follow-up with the relevant specialists. Treatment reduces transmission to the baby; discuss feeding in its national and clinical context.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-treatment","title":"Treating HIV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"A person who maintains an undetectable viral load on treatment does not transmit HIV through sex: U=U, undetectable equals untransmittable. This is not viral eradication or protection against other infections.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-treatment","title":"Treating HIV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/treatment/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Document test type and latest exposure date; interpret negative results in relation to the window period. Follow reactive screening with confirmation and linkage to care.","sources":[{"id":"hiv-testing","title":"Getting tested for HIV","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/testing/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"streptococcus-pyogenes","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/streptococcus-pyogenes","review":{"id":"streptococcus-pyogenes","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"ba4021e8fedaf36e3a91dd258c3dfdd3035cad99fc98b769b2e97793951248dd","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Streptococcus pyogenes is also called group A strep. It can cause throat and skin infections and, rarely, rapidly progressive severe disease.","sources":[{"id":"gas-about","title":"About group A strep infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Close contact with respiratory secretions or infected wounds can spread infection. The same bacterium causes different illnesses at different sites; exposure does not automatically mean severe disease.","sources":[{"id":"gas-about","title":"About group A strep infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Sudden sore throat, fever and painful swallowing may occur, with a rash in scarlet fever. Clear viral features such as cough and runny nose change assessment.","sources":[{"id":"gas-throat","title":"Clinical guidance for group A streptococcal pharyngitis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek emergency assessment for rapidly spreading redness or swelling, severe pain beyond the visible changes and fever. Delay is dangerous in rapidly progressive tissue infection.","sources":[{"id":"gas-necrotizing","title":"About necrotizing fasciitis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/necrotizing-fasciitis.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Rapid antigen testing or culture can assess appropriate patients with sore throat. Without clear viral features, examination alone cannot reliably distinguish group A strep.","sources":[{"id":"gas-throat","title":"Clinical guidance for group A streptococcal pharyngitis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antibiotics benefit confirmed strep throat but do not treat viral pharyngitis. A clinician determines the regimen and duration.","sources":[{"id":"gas-throat","title":"Clinical guidance for group A streptococcal pharyngitis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Hand hygiene, covering coughs and appropriate wound care matter. Discuss return to school or work in relation to the illness and treatment plan.","sources":[{"id":"gas-about","title":"About group A strep infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Older age, immune suppression, open wounds and some recent viral infections can increase the risk of severe disease; report deterioration early.","sources":[{"id":"gas-about","title":"About group A strep infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"An aggressive soft-tissue infection may initially look like a small skin problem. Do not judge severity only by the visible area of redness.","sources":[{"id":"gas-necrotizing","title":"About necrotizing fasciitis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/about/necrotizing-fasciitis.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"For symptomatic children aged three or older, follow a negative rapid antigen test with throat culture. Adult follow-up differs.","sources":[{"id":"gas-throat","title":"Clinical guidance for group A streptococcal pharyngitis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"streptococcus-pneumoniae","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/streptococcus-pneumoniae","review":{"id":"streptococcus-pneumoniae","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"e146c6738ea55a18dbbebae949e1cf6ab4f47d641170510f30046aa0e9a40705","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Pneumococcus can cause illnesses ranging from ear and sinus infections to pneumonia, meningitis and bloodstream infection.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-about","title":"About pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"It spreads through respiratory secretions. Some people, especially children, carry the bacterium in the nose or throat without illness. Carriage and disease are different.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Symptoms depend on the site: cough and chest pain, ear pain, or fever with headache and neck stiffness may occur.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-symptoms","title":"Pneumococcal symptoms and complications","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Breathing difficulty, altered consciousness or fever with neck stiffness needs emergency assessment. Marked unresponsiveness or inability to feed in an infant also needs urgent attention.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-symptoms","title":"Pneumococcal symptoms and complications","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Culture, molecular tests and selected antigen tests can be used. Specimen site matters; nasal carriage alone does not diagnose pneumonia.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antibiotics may be needed for infection. Site, severity and resistance information guide treatment; severe disease may require hospital care.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-about","title":"About pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Pneumococcal vaccines protect against disease from selected types. Plan vaccination using current national guidance, age, previous doses and risk conditions.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-about","title":"About pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Young children, older adults and people with certain chronic or immune conditions can be at higher risk. Review vaccination history with the care team.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-about","title":"About pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Not every pneumonia is pneumococcal. Ear infection, pneumonia and meningitis require different symptom assessment and testing approaches.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-symptoms","title":"Pneumococcal symptoms and complications","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/signs-symptoms/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Distinguish isolation from a normally sterile site from upper-airway carriage. Interpret specimen type, clinical focus and antimicrobial susceptibility together.","sources":[{"id":"pneumo-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of pneumococcal disease","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"staphylococcus-aureus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/staphylococcus-aureus","review":{"id":"staphylococcus-aureus","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"3c593b3b190c366a0f7c2c411d495cd71c485449ced10581ca7d99df84bbff4b","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Staphylococcus aureus can live on skin or in the nose without illness. It can also infect skin, blood, lungs or other sites; not every strain is MRSA.","sources":[{"id":"staph-nlm","title":"Staphylococcal infections","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html","publisher":"MedlinePlus / NLM","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Contact with infected wounds, contaminated items or hands can spread infection. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels and razors, and cover wounds.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-about","title":"MRSA basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Painful, warm, red swelling or pus may occur. Appearance does not reveal antibiotic resistance; a lesion thought to be a spider bite may be an infection.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-about","title":"MRSA basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek emergency help for infection with confusion, severe breathing difficulty or rapid deterioration; a small-looking wound does not rule out serious illness.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-sepsis","title":"Sepsis","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sepsis/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Culture and susceptibility testing can guide treatment. Detection of nasal carriage alone does not establish an infection requiring antibiotics.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of MRSA","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Some abscesses need drainage by a healthcare professional; the need for antibiotics is assessed separately. Do not squeeze or cut open a lesion yourself.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-about","title":"MRSA basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Keep hands and shared surfaces clean, cover draining wounds with a clean dressing and wash hands after dressing changes. Keep personal items separate.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-about","title":"MRSA basics","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Surgery, intravascular devices, immune problems and certain chronic conditions change assessment. Tell the care team about previous MRSA results.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of MRSA","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"MRSA describes a resistance pattern; it does not mean that no treatment works. Infection site and laboratory results guide the available options.","sources":[{"id":"staph-nlm","title":"Staphylococcal infections","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/staphylococcalinfections.html","publisher":"MedlinePlus / NLM","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Distinguish colonization from infection and consider source control and susceptibility. Decolonization is not an automatic intervention for every positive screening result.","sources":[{"id":"mrsa-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of MRSA","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"klebsiella-pneumoniae","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/klebsiella-pneumoniae","review":{"id":"klebsiella-pneumoniae","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"ffb0d416f95387d4f71ccbda13c281ced3be8ef16854fe1c9f6d8902d2c32e62","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Klebsiella bacteria can inhabit the gut. Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause lung, blood and wound infections, particularly in healthcare settings.","sources":[{"id":"klebsiella-about","title":"About Klebsiella","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/klebsiella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Hands, contaminated equipment and direct contact matter in healthcare settings. Airborne spread is not the usual route; contact precautions are part of care.","sources":[{"id":"klebsiella-about","title":"About Klebsiella","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/klebsiella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Symptoms vary by infected organ. The bacterium’s name on a laboratory report alone does not establish the site or severity of disease; clinical findings matter.","sources":[{"id":"klebsiella-about","title":"About Klebsiella","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/klebsiella/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek emergency help for suspected infection with altered consciousness, severe breathing difficulty or rapid deterioration. Do not wait for a culture result.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-sepsis","title":"Sepsis","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sepsis/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility help assess suspected infection. Interpret specimen type alongside symptoms; colonization alone is not disease.","sources":[{"id":"cre-about","title":"About carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cre/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antibiotic choice depends on susceptibility and clinical condition. Carbapenem resistance limits options but does not automatically mean no treatment is available.","sources":[{"id":"cre-about","title":"About carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cre/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Hand hygiene and adherence to healthcare contact precautions matter. Communicate known resistance or carriage when transferring between care facilities.","sources":[{"id":"cre-control","title":"CRE infection control","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cre/hcp/infection-control/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Intensive care, invasive devices and prolonged antibiotic exposure can affect resistant-infection risk. The team should regularly review device and antibiotic needs.","sources":[{"id":"cre-control","title":"CRE infection control","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cre/hcp/infection-control/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"CRE means carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, not Klebsiella alone. People carrying a resistant organism are not necessarily ill, and colonization usually does not require treatment.","sources":[{"id":"cre-about","title":"About carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cre/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Document colonization, infection and infection-control needs separately. Include resistance information in transfer records and coordinate with the local infection-control team.","sources":[{"id":"cre-control","title":"CRE infection control","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/cre/hcp/infection-control/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"brucella","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/bakteriler/brucella","review":{"id":"brucella","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"6ebb59514914b339f4bcb07a05e0b6d6ee55a7f909ff8d321d9133f7dbd8f092","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Brucellosis is an infection transmitted from animals to people. Unpasteurized dairy and contact with infected animal tissues are important exposure clues.","sources":[{"id":"brucella-about","title":"About brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"spread","text":"Raw milk, inadequately processed cheese, animal birth materials and occupational exposures can transmit infection. Person-to-person transmission is rare.","sources":[{"id":"who-brucella","title":"Brucellosis","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"symptoms","text":"Fever, night sweats, fatigue and joint or back pain may occur. These are nonspecific; symptoms alone do not diagnose brucellosis.","sources":[{"id":"brucella-about","title":"About brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"urgent","text":"Seek emergency help for altered consciousness, severe breathing difficulty or rapid deterioration during a febrile illness. Persistent fever and substantial joint pain also need assessment.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-sepsis","title":"Sepsis","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sepsis/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"brucella-about","title":"About brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Culture and serology are interpreted with exposure history. Tell the clinical team before sampling if brucellosis is suspected; the laboratory also needs notice for safety precautions.","sources":[{"id":"brucella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Treatment generally requires a combination of antibiotics and sustained follow-up. Discuss difficulties with the team rather than stopping early or changing medicines independently.","sources":[{"id":"who-brucella","title":"Brucellosis","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"prevention","text":"Choose pasteurized milk and safely processed dairy products. Mention consumption of unpasteurized products of uncertain origin during medical assessment.","sources":[{"id":"tr-milk","title":"Süt ve süt ürünlerini tüketirken nelere dikkat edilmelidir?","url":"https://corumism.saglik.gov.tr/TR-37567/sut-ve-sut-urunlerini-tuketirken-nelere-dikkat-edilmelidir.html","publisher":"T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı / Çorum İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü","jurisdiction":"Türkiye","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"special","text":"Livestock, veterinary, slaughterhouse and laboratory work can involve exposure. Report an occupational exposure to the relevant health team even before symptoms develop.","sources":[{"id":"who-brucella","title":"Brucellosis","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis","publisher":"WHO","jurisdiction":"International","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null},{"id":"brucella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"misconception","text":"Serologic methods do not detect every Brucella species equally. Do not interpret a negative result without considering strong exposure history; discuss test selection with a specialist.","sources":[{"id":"brucella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Document food, animal, travel and occupational exposures and assess possible focal disease. Advance laboratory notification and appropriate specimen planning are part of diagnosis.","sources":[{"id":"brucella-clinical","title":"Clinical overview of brucellosis","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"virus-bakteri-farki","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/temel-bilgiler/virus-bakteri-farki","review":{"id":"virus-bakteri-farki","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"a34b44221997e3219d82f48ba52f3e5a296b2ac262e8a4d5aa11f055758c69fb","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Viruses and bacteria are different groups of pathogens. They can cause similar symptoms; a runny nose or fever alone does not identify the cause.","sources":[{"id":"antibiotics","title":"Healthy habits: antibiotic do’s and don’ts","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"Antibiotics do not treat viruses. Some bacterial infections also resolve without them. “Bacteria detected” and “antibiotics needed” are different conclusions.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-antibiotics","title":"Antibiotics","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/antibiotics/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Assess organism, specimen and clinical illness together. Harmless intestinal E. coli, urinary infection and STEC diarrhoea are not the same situation.","sources":[{"id":"ecoli","title":"About Escherichia coli infection","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-05-14"}]}]},{"id":"antibiyotik-ne-zaman","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/temel-bilgiler/antibiyotik-ne-zaman","review":{"id":"antibiyotik-ne-zaman","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"d286e21b8cca3ce03a8746b8e603366266cde7f0997ecdadf2905451c88bf6a2","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Antibiotic decisions depend on infection type, severity and individual risk. Do not use someone else’s prescription or leftover antibiotics.","sources":[{"id":"antibiotics","title":"Healthy habits: antibiotic do’s and don’ts","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"care","text":"When prescribed, take antibiotics exactly as directed. Contact the healthcare team about side effects or treatment concerns rather than changing the plan yourself.","sources":[{"id":"antibiotics","title":"Healthy habits: antibiotic do’s and don’ts","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Unnecessary use can cause adverse effects and contribute to resistance. Necessary treatment must not be delayed either; a clinical decision cannot rest on an online article alone.","sources":[{"id":"nhs-antibiotics","title":"Antibiotics","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/antibiotics/","publisher":"NHS","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"kultur-sonucu","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/temel-bilgiler/kultur-sonucu","review":{"id":"kultur-sonucu","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"3798e6d44065ed50fc8db2ef607e73ee33637d559ac145f3df54b9a395edae64","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"A culture looks for bacterial growth in a specimen. Blood, urine, stool and throat samples answer different clinical questions. Read the specimen type and collection time with the result.","sources":[{"id":"culture","title":"Bacteria culture test","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bacteria-culture-test/","publisher":"MedlinePlus / NLM","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"testing","text":"Interpret a positive result with the identified organism and symptoms. Susceptibility testing indicates which antibiotics may work in the laboratory; it is not a prescription by itself.","sources":[{"id":"culture","title":"Bacteria culture test","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bacteria-culture-test/","publisher":"MedlinePlus / NLM","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Report antibiotics taken before sampling and the collection circumstances. Do not start treatment based only on the words “growth detected”.","sources":[{"id":"culture","title":"Bacteria culture test","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bacteria-culture-test/","publisher":"MedlinePlus / NLM","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":null}]}]},{"id":"kulucka-ve-bulastiricilik","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","url":"https://doktorclub.com/en/haberler/enfeksiyonlar/temel-bilgiler/kulucka-ve-bulastiricilik","review":{"id":"kulucka-ve-bulastiricilik","locale":"en","version":"1.0.0","contentHash":"9e02e8e305184c529aabcc22b91b8767ffb8dd766705b874414d8c5cfecf2ec3","reviewer":"Dr. Murat Toktamışoğlu","reviewedOn":"2026-10-14","nextReviewOn":"2027-04-14","evidenceId":"OWNER-ATTESTED-REVIEW-20261014-01","medicalApproved":true,"languageApproved":true},"blocks":[{"id":"summary","text":"Incubation is the interval between exposure and symptom onset. Infectiousness concerns when transmission to others can occur; these timelines are different.","sources":[{"id":"norovirus","title":"About norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/about/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2024-04-24"}]},{"id":"spread","text":"For example, norovirus symptoms may start in 12–48 hours, while shedding can continue after recovery. Ending symptoms does not establish zero transmission risk.","sources":[{"id":"noro-prevent","title":"How to prevent norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-13"}]},{"id":"clinical","text":"Return to work, school or caring duties depends on pathogen-specific and local rules. Do not automatically apply another virus’s timelines to your illness.","sources":[{"id":"noro-prevent","title":"How to prevent norovirus","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html","publisher":"CDC","jurisdiction":"United States","checkedOn":"2026-10-14","updatedOn":"2025-01-13"}]}]}]}